Revolutionary Ethical Philosophies
...in humanism, and a general dissatisfaction with the religion or philosophy that came
before them. They all are revolutionary evolutions of the previous way of thought, applying new
meanings for traditional concepts.
All four are humanist ethical traditions, in the sense that they allow “salvation” to be
available to everyone, through one's own effort. In the Socratic dialogue, all that is required to achieve
the ideal state of being, of “living the Truth”, is to apply logic to everything. Thinking things through,
and to admitting that you are not wise is key to this philosophy. In Buddhism, one needs to recognize
that the root of suffering is attachment to the world. Living well is achieved by following the Eightfold
Path. The first two Buddhist practices are based on wisdom: right view, which produces right
knowledge, and right intention, which in turn produces right liberation. The next goals are based on
ethical conduct, specifically right speech, right action, and right livelyhood. The final three goals have
to do with concentration through right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. The Christian
path to salvation is even simpler: following the ten commandments, and accepting Christ as your
savior. The goal of Confucianism is not salvation, but instead social harmony. Like the others,
this is achieved by accepting certain principles, and becoming a “perfect man”; namely by the
understanding and practice of filial piety, loyalty, and humanity.
Also, in all of these philosophies, perception is key.
The Dhammapada, a Buddhist text states:
“Preceded by perception are mental states,
For them is perception supreme,
From perception have they sprung.
If, with perception polluted, one speaks or acts,
Thence suffering follows as a wheel the draught ox's foot....
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